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TEAM Climate Monitoring Protocol 3.0

1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

Climate change has been identified as one of the main threats to humanity and to the long-term

persistence of the living world in general (IPCC 2007, Wright 2005, Malhi et al. 2008,

Rockström et al. 2009). Only 15 out of 50,000 long-term time series of biological and bioclimate

variables come out of tropical areas (less than 0.03%) (IPCC 2007). The lack of a long-term,

continuous, reliable climate data stream coming from tropical areas (Clark and Clark 1994; Root

and Schneider 1995; IPCC 2007; Enquist 2002) is compounded by the fact that most surface

climate measurements are collected in populated areas (e.g. airports, cities, towns), which

experience local climates that may not be representative of natural forested areas (Malhi and

Wright 2004). Additionally, many of these measurements although useful for meteorological

services (e.g. local weather forecasts), are not adequate to estimate long-term trends in climatic

variables over long periods of time, because of a lack of consistency between most surface

weather stations in instrumentation, sensor calibration protocols and data quality control (among

others).

The expected effects of climate change on tropical forest ecosystems are still unknown. For

example, Phillips et al. (1998) describe how forests could be carbon sinks, increasing forest

biomass accumulation as CO

levels increase. However, during unusually dry spells, which are

more frequent due to climate change, increased temperature could cause tropical forests to

become sources of CO

, thus further aggravating the problem (Clark 2002, Kenneth et al. 2007,

Phillips et al. 2009).

A global network collecting continuous and reliable climate data throughout tropical forests is

badly needed. The foundation of this network should be the application of a single consistent

climate protocol for setup, instrumentation, data collection, calibration, maintenance, and data

quality control. Since changes in climate are so gradual and small (e.g. increase in temperature ~

0.6 ºC in the last two decades), it is imperative to remove the confounding effects of differences

in methods to measure climate across sites to detect these changes with an adequate level of

precision. The World Meteorological Organization and the National Research Council at the

National Academy of Sciences (NRC 1999, WMO 2003) propose a minimum set of guidelines

for climate observing networks to ensure adequate scientific rigor and maximize the use of data

and its applications (summarized):

1. Management of Network Change: Assess the effects of change in the observing

network on current and future climatological observations, particularly with respect to

climate change and variability.

2. Parallel Testing: Simultaneous operation of old systems with new systems over a

sufficiently long period that captures the full range of variation in the data.

3. Metadata: Full documentation of climate observing systems and procedures. This

includes, among others, instrumentation, instrument sampling time, calibration,

validation, climate station location, local environmental conditions, detailed algorithm

descriptions.

4. Data Quality and Continuity: Assessment of data quality and continuity as part of the

routine data collection process.

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